193 Countries

Global Citizenship Pathways

Comprehensive guides to citizenship by descent, naturalization, and investment residence. Compare direct CBI programs separately from routes that lead to residence first.

186 Descent Programs
6 CBI Programs
13 Fast Track (≤5yr)
113 Dual Allowed
6 Programs

Citizenship by Investment

Documented direct-citizenship programs, shown separately from investment residence permits. Terms, due diligence, family rules, and physical-presence requirements differ by jurisdiction; confirm the official program rules before committing capital.

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Caribbean 5 programs

Middle East 1 program

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5 Years or Less

Fast Track Naturalization

Short residence clocks worth knowing about — including routes that begin only after permanent residence and Spain’s two-year Ibero-American track.

The number is the minimum qualifying residence before you can apply, not a promise of passport-in-hand timing. Open a route for the eligibility rule and the catch.

2 years continuous
South America

Argentina

Two uninterrupted years of legal residence. Under the current statutory text, a departure during the clock breaks continuity.

Legal residence
172 destinations Read route
2 years legal residence
South America

Peru

Two consecutive years of legal residence, with absence limits, an evaluation and evidence of income.

Resident route
138 destinations Read route
2 years for eligible origins
Europe

Spain

Two years for nationals by origin of Ibero-American countries, Andorra, the Philippines, Equatorial Guinea and Portugal, and for Sephardim.

Ibero-American fast track EU citizenship
189 destinations Read route
2 years as a PR
Asia

Singapore

You may apply after two years as a permanent resident. Approval remains selective and is not automatic.

Permanent resident route
193 destinations Read route
2+ years permanent residence
Caribbean

Dominican Republic

The clock starts with permanent residence; the Ministry asks for more than two years in that status.

Ordinary naturalization
72 destinations Read route
2 years after declaration
West Africa

Liberia

A two-year statutory route with a constitutional restriction: only Black people or people of Black descent may naturalize.

Restricted naturalization
56 destinations Read route
3 years after permanent status
Europe

Poland

Three years after permanent or EU long-term residence, with income, housing and Polish-language proof.

Recognition as a citizen EU citizenship
185 destinations Read route
3 years permanent residence
Europe

Serbia

Three uninterrupted years of registered permanent residence on the standard route; release from the prior nationality is usually required.

Admission to citizenship
138 destinations Read route
3 years physical presence
North America

Canada

1,095 days physically present during the previous five years, including at least 730 days as a permanent resident.

Permanent resident route
185 destinations Read route
3 years with family
South America

Uruguay

Three years with a family constituted in Uruguay; without that family connection, the constitutional clock is five years.

Legal citizenship
154 destinations Read route
3 years permanent residence
South America

Ecuador

Three years of regular, continuous residence with permanent status; long absences can break the clock.

Naturalization letter
93 destinations Read route
3/5 years present
Middle East

Israel

Permanent residents may apply after living in Israel for three of the previous five years; approval is discretionary.

Permanent resident route
164 destinations Read route
3 years lawful residence
Caucasus

Armenia

Three years of lawful permanent residence, plus Armenian-language and constitutional knowledge.

Standard naturalization
66 destinations Read route

Why Pursue Second Citizenship?

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Global Mobility

Access visa-free travel to 150+ countries with a strong second passport.

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EU Citizenship

Live, work, and study anywhere in the European Union without restrictions.

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Political Insurance

A backup plan in uncertain times—options matter when circumstances change.

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Legacy for Family

Pass citizenship to your children and future generations.

Not sure if you qualify?

Our AI assistant can analyze your family history and identify potential citizenship pathways you may not have considered.

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