Netherlands DAFT Visa

What is the DAFT Visa?

The Dutch American Friendship Treaty (DAFT) is a bilateral agreement between the United States and the Netherlands that dates back to 1956. Originally designed to foster economic ties between the two nations, it has become one of the most popular—and accessible—pathways for Americans to live and work in Europe.

Unlike most European work visas that require employer sponsorship or substantial investment, DAFT allows self-employed Americans and entrepreneurs to obtain Dutch residency with just €4,500 in business capital. No employer needed. No points-based test. No requirement to prove your business benefits Dutch national interests.

"The DAFT is a more accessible version of the regular Dutch Self Employed visa," explains Expat Law Netherlands. "The DAFT visa does not have the 'point system' requirement, because of the special friendship relationship between the United States and the Netherlands."

Why DAFT is Special

For non-US citizens, obtaining a self-employment visa in the Netherlands requires passing a rigorous points-based assessment. Applicants must score at least 90 points across three categories:

• Personal experience and qualifications
• Business plan quality and market research
• Added value to the Dutch economy

DAFT exempts Americans from all of this. The requirements are straightforward: be a US citizen, have €4,500 in business capital, and register a legitimate Dutch business. That's the core of it.

A Brief History

The Dutch American Friendship Treaty was signed in 1956 as part of post-war economic cooperation efforts. For decades, it was primarily used by large corporations establishing Dutch operations. In the 2000s, lawyers and immigration specialists began recognizing its potential for individual entrepreneurs and freelancers.

The past decade has seen a surge in DAFT applications as Americans seek alternatives to US-based life—whether for healthcare, work-life balance, or simply adventure. The relatively low barrier to entry (€4,500 vs. typical investment visa requirements of €200,000+) makes it uniquely accessible.

Who Can Apply for DAFT?

DAFT eligibility is remarkably simple compared to most immigration programs. The key requirements are nationality and self-employment intent.

Basic Eligibility Requirements

1. US Citizenship: You must hold a valid US passport. This is non-negotiable—dual citizens can use their US passport, but the citizenship must be current.
2. Self-Employment Intent: You must plan to operate your own business in the Netherlands. This can be a new venture or continuation of existing work.
3. Business Capital: €4,500 minimum invested in your Dutch business
4. Clean Criminal Record: No serious criminal convictions
5. Health Insurance: Coverage valid in the Netherlands

What Types of Businesses Qualify?

The DAFT is remarkably flexible regarding business type. According to Cardon & Company: "There are no requirements as to the type of business, the type of customers of your business, or their origin."

Common DAFT businesses include:

• Freelance services: Writing, design, development, consulting, marketing
• IT and tech: Software development, web development, app development
• Creative professions: Photography, videography, music, art
• Professional services: Accounting, legal consulting, coaching
• Online businesses: E-commerce, SaaS, digital products
• Education: Teaching, tutoring, training, course creation
• Translation/Interpretation: Especially popular given English-Dutch demand

What Doesn't Qualify?

• Employment: You cannot be employed by a Dutch company. DAFT is strictly for self-employment.
• Non-business activities: You can't get DAFT just to live in the Netherlands without working
• Retirement: DAFT requires active business operation (though you can scale back significantly)

Financial Requirements

The DAFT's financial requirements are notably low compared to other investment-based immigration programs. Here's what you need:

The €4,500 Investment

The core requirement is €4,500 invested in your Dutch business. Key points:

• Must be deposited in a Dutch business bank account
• Must be maintained throughout your permit validity
• This is capital for your business, not a fee—you can use it for business expenses
• Must be documented with an opening balance sheet signed by a Dutch accountant

Proving Income/Financial Stability

While €4,500 is the official investment requirement, successful applicants typically demonstrate additional financial stability:

• Living expenses: Show you can support yourself (€1,500-2,000/month is commonly cited)
• Savings: Having several months of expenses in reserve strengthens your application
• Client contracts: Existing work commitments demonstrate income potential

According to Dutch American Friendship: "Most successful applicants show €1,500-2,000 monthly income to prove they can support themselves in the Netherlands."

Source of Funds

You'll need to document where your €4,500 comes from. Acceptable sources include:

• Personal savings
• Business income
• Investment returns
• Gift from family (with documentation)

You may need bank statements showing the funds and their source. Complex financial situations (multiple accounts, crypto, foreign assets) may require additional documentation.

Business Structure Options

When setting up your Dutch business, you'll choose between two main structures. This decision affects taxes, liability, and eligibility for certain benefits.

Option 1: Eenmanszaak (Sole Proprietorship / ZZP)

A sole proprietorship is the simplest business structure. "ZZP" (Zelfstandige Zonder Personeel) means "independent without personnel"—essentially a freelancer.

Advantages:

• Simple and fast to set up
• Low setup costs
• Easier bookkeeping
• Access to tax deductions for self-employed (zelfstandigenaftrek)

Disadvantages:

• Personal liability for business debts
• Not eligible for 30% ruling tax benefit
• Higher tax rates on profits above certain thresholds

Best for: Freelancers with modest income expectations (under €66,000/year), low-risk service businesses, those who want simplicity.

Option 2: BV (Private Limited Company)

A BV (Besloten Vennootschap) is a private limited company—similar to an LLC or Inc. in the US.

Advantages:

• Limited personal liability
• Potentially eligible for 30% ruling (major tax benefit)
• Lower corporate tax rates on high profits
• More professional appearance

Disadvantages:

• Higher setup costs (notary required)
• More complex administration
• Annual filing requirements

Best for: Higher earners (€66,000+/year), businesses with liability concerns, those who qualify for the 30% ruling.

Making the Choice

Factor	ZZP/Sole Proprietorship	BV
Setup Cost	€0-100	€500-2,000+ (notary required)
Setup Time	1-2 days	1-2 weeks
Personal Liability	Full	Limited
30% Ruling Eligible	No	Yes (if qualified)
Best Income Level	Under €66,000/year	€66,000+/year
Administration	Simple	Complex

Required Documents Checklist

Document preparation is crucial for DAFT success. Missing or incorrectly formatted documents are a leading cause of delays.

Personal Documents

1. Valid US Passport
   • Valid for entire planned stay
   • Copy of all pages with stamps/visas
2. Birth Certificate
   • Original or certified copy
   • Must be apostilled
3. Antecedents Certificate
   • IND form confirming no criminal background
   • Signed declaration
4. Passport Photos
   • Biometric specifications

Business Documents

5. KvK Registration
   • Dutch Chamber of Commerce registration
   • Must be completed before IND application
6. Business Bank Statement
   • Showing €4,500+ balance
   • From Dutch business account
7. Opening Balance Sheet
   • Including the €4,500 investment
   • Verified and signed by Dutch accountant
8. Business Plan
   • Description of activities
   • Target market
   • Financial projections (optional but helpful)

Health Insurance

9. Health Insurance Proof
   • Valid in the Netherlands
   • Coverage for duration of stay
   • Dutch basic health insurance (basispakket) required once resident

For Families

10. Marriage Certificate (if spouse accompanying)
    • Apostilled
11. Children's Birth Certificates
    • Apostilled
12. Divorce/Death Certificate (if applicable)
    • For previous marriages
    • Apostilled

Step-by-Step Application Process

The DAFT process involves several steps completed in a specific order. Here's the complete roadmap:

Phase 1: Preparation (2-4 Weeks)

1. Gather Personal Documents
   • Get apostille on birth certificate (through US State Department or state)
   • Obtain marriage/divorce certificates if applicable
2. Plan Your Business
   • Define your services/products
   • Identify target market
   • Prepare basic business plan
3. Choose Business Structure
   • ZZP (sole proprietorship) or BV
   • Consult accountant if unsure
4. Secure €4,500+ Capital
   • Ensure funds are accessible
   • Document source if needed

Phase 2: Travel to Netherlands & Registration (1-2 Weeks)

5. Travel to Netherlands
   • US citizens can enter visa-free for 90 days
   • This trip is for business setup
6. Open Dutch Business Bank Account
   • Requires appointment at bank
   • Transfer €4,500+ immediately
7. Register with KvK (Chamber of Commerce)
   • Book appointment online
   • Bring passport and business information
   • Registration is same-day
8. Get Opening Balance Sheet
   • Dutch accountant reviews and signs
   • Shows €4,500 capital investment

Phase 3: IND Application (2-3 Months)

9. Submit IND Application
   • Complete application form
   • Include all required documents
   • Pay application fee (€405)
10. Biometrics Appointment
    • At IND desk or municipal office
    • Fingerprints and photo
11. Wait for Decision
    • IND aims for decision within 90 days
    • May request additional documents
12. Receive Residence Permit
    • Collect permit card
    • Valid for 2 years

Phase 4: Settlement & Compliance

13. Register at Municipality (BRP)
    • Required once you have permanent address
    • Provides BSN (citizen service number)
14. Obtain Dutch Health Insurance
    • Required once registered as resident
    • Basic package (basispakket) mandatory
15. Maintain Business Activity
    • Keep business bank account above €4,500
    • Conduct actual business activities
    • File taxes and maintain records

Timeline & Costs

Realistic Timeline

Phase	Duration	Notes
Document Preparation	2-4 weeks	Apostilles, accountant engagement
Initial Trip to NL	1-2 weeks	Bank, KvK registration
IND Application	1 day	Submit documents
IND Processing	60-90 days	Often faster with expedited
Permit Collection	1-2 weeks	After approval

Total: 2-4 months from start to residence permit

According to Dutch American Friendship: "The complete DAFT approval takes 2-3 months. However, you'll receive a residence sticker within weeks of arrival that lets you immediately work and live in the Netherlands while awaiting approval."

Complete Cost Breakdown

Expense	Cost (EUR)	Cost (USD)
Government Fees
IND Application (main applicant)	€405	~$440
IND Application (spouse)	€243	~$265
IND Application (per child)	€81	~$88
KvK Registration	€75	~$82
Professional Services
Accountant (balance sheet)	€350-500	~$380-545
Notary (BV only)	€500-1,500	~$545-1,635
Immigration assistance (optional)	€1,500-3,200	~$1,635-3,490
Document Costs
Apostilles (US)	~€50-100	~$50-100
Translations (if needed)	€100-300	~$110-330
Required Capital
Business Investment	€4,500	~$4,900

Budget Summary:

• DIY (ZZP): €5,500-6,500 (~$6,000-7,100)
• With Help (ZZP): €7,500-10,000 (~$8,200-10,900)
• With BV: Add €1,000-2,500 for notary

Note: The €4,500 is your capital, not a fee—you retain it in your business account.

Common Mistakes to Avoid

DAFT applications are generally successful when properly prepared, but these mistakes can cause delays or problems:

1. Letting Business Balance Drop Below €4,500

The €4,500 minimum must be maintained throughout your permit validity. While you can use the money for legitimate business expenses, letting the balance drop risks compliance issues at renewal.

Solution: Maintain a buffer above €4,500 (€5,000-6,000 recommended). Replenish immediately if you dip below.

2. Missing Documents or Incorrect Formats

"Missing signatures, incorrect formats, or incomplete translations can lead to delays or rejections that set back your plans by months," warns immigration specialists.

Solution: Use a checklist. Have documents reviewed before submission. Use certified translators when required.

3. Missing the 30% Ruling Deadline

If you're setting up a BV and qualify for the 30% ruling, you must apply within 4 months of your first Dutch workday. The Dutch are strict on this deadline.

Solution: Know if you qualify before arriving. Apply immediately after starting work if eligible.

4. Inadequate Business Planning

While DAFT doesn't require a scored business plan like the regular self-employed visa, "many applicants face initial rejection due to business plans that lack market research or realistic financial projections," according to immigration forums.

Solution: Prepare a clear description of your business, target market, and how you'll generate income. It doesn't need to be elaborate, but it should be coherent.

5. Housing Challenges

Finding housing in the Netherlands is notoriously difficult. As one expat blogger notes: "Dutch landlords won't recognize American credit scores or earning history, and even successful business owners are viewed as brand-new freelancers with no local earnings history."

Solution: Start housing search early. Be prepared to pay several months' rent upfront. Consider temporary housing while searching.

6. Ignoring Tax Obligations

DAFT holders must register with Dutch tax authorities and file returns. "Ignoring or misunderstanding Dutch tax laws can lead to fines, audits, or even visa revocation."

Solution: Engage a Dutch accountant familiar with expat situations. Understand US-Netherlands tax treaty implications. File on time.

Tax Implications

Understanding Dutch taxes—and your US tax obligations—is essential for DAFT success.

Dutch Income Tax (IB)

The Netherlands has a progressive income tax system. For 2025-2026:

Income Bracket	Tax Rate
Up to ~€75,000	36.97%
Above ~€75,000	49.50%

However, self-employed individuals (ZZP) can access significant deductions including the zelfstandigenaftrek (self-employed deduction) and startersaftrek (starter deduction).

The 30% Ruling

The 30% ruling is a significant tax benefit for qualifying expats. According to Nordic HQ: "The 30% ruling allows qualifying expats a tax break of 30% of their gross salary to be paid as a tax-free allowance, effectively reducing your taxable income."

Requirements for 30% ruling under DAFT:

• Must have a BV (not ZZP)
• Pay yourself a director's salary
• Earn minimum ~€46,000 (or ~€35,000 if under 30 with master's degree)
• Never lived/worked in Netherlands before (or not within 25 months prior)
• Apply within 4 months of first Dutch workday

US Tax Obligations

US citizens must file taxes annually regardless of residence. Key considerations for DAFT holders:

• Foreign Earned Income Exclusion (FEIE): Exclude up to $130,000 (2025) of foreign-earned income
• Foreign Tax Credit: Offset US tax with Dutch taxes paid
• FBAR/FATCA: Report foreign bank accounts over $10,000
• US-Netherlands Tax Treaty: Prevents double taxation on most income

According to Cardon & Company's tax guide: DAFT holders face complex cross-border tax situations. Working with professionals familiar with both US and Dutch tax law is strongly recommended.

Real-World Scenarios

Scenario 1: Freelance Designer

Sarah, 29, graphic designer from New York
Existing clients: 4 US-based companies
Monthly income: $6,000

Sarah's situation is ideal for DAFT:

• Continues serving existing US clients—no need to find Dutch work
• Sets up ZZP (sole proprietorship) for simplicity
• Income below 30% ruling threshold, so BV not necessary
• Total setup cost: ~€6,000 including investment

Tax situation: Dutch income tax with self-employed deductions. Uses FEIE to exclude most income from US taxes. Net tax similar to US after deductions.

Scenario 2: High-Earning Consultant

Michael, 42, management consultant from San Francisco
Current income: $180,000/year
Clients: Mix of US and European companies

Michael's high income changes the calculation:

• Sets up BV to access 30% ruling
• 30% of salary tax-free = significant savings
• Higher setup costs (notary, more complex accounting)
• Must apply for 30% ruling within 4 months of arrival

Tax situation: With 30% ruling, effective Dutch tax rate drops significantly. Combined with US treaty benefits, overall tax burden may be lower than staying in California.

Scenario 3: Family Relocation

The Johnsons from Texas
Parents: Tom (38) and Lisa (36)
Children: Emma (8) and Jack (5)
Tom: Software developer, $120,000/year from US clients
Lisa: Stay-at-home mom, plans to start tutoring business

Family considerations:

• Tom applies as primary DAFT holder
• Lisa and children get dependent permits
• Lisa can start her own business once settled (would need separate DAFT or use Tom's permit)
• Children can attend Dutch schools (free) or international schools (expensive)

Costs:

• IND fees: €405 (Tom) + €243 (Lisa) + €162 (children) = €810
• Total with setup: ~€8,000-10,000

Path to Permanent Residence and Citizenship

The 5-Year Timeline

Milestone	When	Requirements
Initial DAFT Permit	On approval	Valid for 2 years
First Renewal	Year 2	Show continued business activity; renewed for 5 years
Permanent Residence Eligible	Year 5	5 years legal residence + integration exam
Citizenship Eligible	Year 5	5 years residence + integration + renounce US citizenship (usually)

Integration Exam (Inburgering)

To obtain permanent residence or citizenship, you must pass the Dutch integration exam. This includes:

• Dutch language test: Reading, writing, listening, speaking at A2 level
• Knowledge of Dutch Society (KNM): Test on Dutch culture, history, laws
• Orientation on the Dutch Labour Market (ONA): Understanding work culture

You do not need to pass integration to renew your DAFT permit—only for permanent residence or citizenship.

Dutch Citizenship Considerations

Dutch citizenship offers significant benefits (EU passport, permanent settlement) but comes with an important caveat: the Netherlands generally requires renouncing other citizenships.

Exceptions exist for:

• Those married to Dutch citizens
• Those who would face significant difficulties renouncing (varies by case)
• Some other specific circumstances

Many Americans choose to maintain permanent residence rather than pursue citizenship to keep their US passport.

Frequently Asked Questions

Eligibility Questions

Can dual citizens use DAFT?

Yes. If you hold US citizenship (in addition to other citizenships), you can apply under DAFT using your US passport.

Do I need to speak Dutch?

Not for the DAFT visa. However, you'll need basic Dutch (A2 level) to apply for permanent residence or citizenship after 5 years.

Can I work for a Dutch company on DAFT?

No. DAFT is strictly for self-employment. If you want to be employed by a Dutch company, you need a different visa type.

Can my spouse work?

Dependent permit holders (spouse/partner) receive a permit that allows them to work freely in the Netherlands—either employed or self-employed.

Business Questions

Do I need Dutch clients?

No. You can serve clients anywhere in the world. Many DAFT holders continue working primarily with US clients.

How much business activity do I need?

The law requires "substantial business activity" but doesn't define a minimum. Generating some revenue and maintaining your €4,500 investment is generally sufficient. Full-time commitment is not required.

Can I have a partner/employee?

As a ZZP, you work alone (the name means "independent without personnel"). A BV can hire employees, though this adds complexity.

Process Questions

Do I need to be in the Netherlands to apply?

You need to be in the Netherlands to register your business (KvK) and provide biometrics to IND. Many applicants make an initial trip for setup, then return to the US to wait for processing.

What if I'm rejected?

DAFT rejections are relatively rare if requirements are met. You can appeal or reapply with corrected documentation.

Can I leave the Netherlands while waiting for approval?

Yes. With your application pending, you can travel. However, extended absences may raise questions about genuine residence intent.

Resources & Next Steps

Official Government Resources

• IND Self-Employment Information
• Dutch Chamber of Commerce (KvK)
• Dutch Tax Authority (Belastingdienst)

DAFT Community Resources

• Dutch American Friendship — Dedicated DAFT resource site
• IamExpat Netherlands — Large expat community
• r/Netherlands — Active Reddit community

Professional Services

• Cardon & Company — DAFT specialists
• Expat Law Netherlands — Immigration lawyers

Get Personalized Guidance

Every DAFT application has unique considerations. Your business type, income level, family situation, and long-term goals all affect the best approach. Our AI assistant can help you:

• Determine if DAFT is right for your situation
• Choose between ZZP and BV structures
• Create a document preparation checklist
• Understand tax implications

January 2026 Updates

• Investment requirement: €4,500 minimum unchanged
• IND fees: €405 main applicant, €243 spouse, €81 per child
• 30% ruling changes: Partial non-resident status abolished; rate drops to 27% in 2027
• Expedited procedure: Still in effect through 2026
• Citizenship timeline: Potential 10-year requirement being considered (not yet law)